Our bodies operate on a 24-hour cycle  Trusted SourceNational Center for Biotechnology InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source known as circadian rhythm, which is regulated by the master circadian clock located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the hypothalamus.

The SCN releases different hormones that help maintain balance in the body and control different bodily functions, including your sleep-wake cycle. One of these hormones, thyrotropin, stimulates the thyroid to trigger the release of thyroid hormones. If the thyroid is overactive or underactive, this can interfere with thyrotropin production and your overall circadian rhythm.

The condition known as hypothyroidism  Trusted SourceNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)NIDDK research creates knowledge about and treatments for diseases that are among the most chronic, costly, and consequential for patients, their families, and the Nation.View Source , or underactive thyroid, occurs when the thyroid does not produce enough hormones. According to current U.S. estimates, 1 in 20 people aged 12 and older have hypothyroidism. These patients are often treated with artificial thyroid hormones.

Hyperthyroidism  Trusted SourceNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)NIDDK research creates knowledge about and treatments for diseases that are among the most chronic, costly, and consequential for patients, their families, and the Nation.View Source , or overactive thyroid, affects about 1 in 100 people in the U.S. This condition arises when the thyroid produces an excessive amount of hormones. Patients with hyperthyroidism are often prescribed medications that lower their thyroid hormone levels.

For some people with thyroid issues, an underlying autoimmune disorder is at least partly to blame. In these instances, the immune system will mistake the body’s cells for harmful agents and attack them. Conditions like Graves’ disease can cause hyperthyroidism, whereas other diseases like Hashimoto’s disease can cause hypothyroidism. Type 1 diabetes is also considered a risk factor for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Pregnancy has also been linked to thyroid problems, even in women who do not have a history of thyroid disease. Doctors will routinely monitor thyroid hormone levels to ensure good health for both the mother and her child. Some women experience overactive or underactive thyroid issues for up to a year after they give birth. Women with pre-existing thyroid problems are urged to treat their condition before getting pregnant.

Lastly, iodine intake can play a role in thyroid health. The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce hormones, so an inadequate or excessive amount of iodine in your diet can contribute to thyroid disease.